Neueste Studien analysieren die wechselseitigen Interaktionen der Pflanzenstoffe mit dem Mikrobiom. Die Flavanone selbst haben proliferierende und inhibierende Wirkungen auf einzelne Arten. Sie werden von bestimmten Mikroorganismen aufgenommen und in zahlreiche kleinere Phenolverbindungen gespalten, die auch wiederum Bakterienarten im Wachstum beeinflussen können [1],[2]. Zu den vorteilhaften Arten, die zum Wachstum angeregt werden, gehören die Akkermansia spp. und Faecalibacteria spp. sowie die kommensalen Arten (z.B. Bifidobacterium spp., Enterococcus spp., Clostridium spp.) [3],[4].Gleichzeitig wird das Firmicutes/ Bacteriodetes Verhältnis gesenkt [5], was sich gewichtsreduzierend und förderlich auf die Darmbarriere auswirkt. Potenziell pathogenen Keime (E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium) [6] werden inhibiert.
As microbial degradation products of the flavanones (metabolites) e.g. Ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, dihydroferulic acid, dihydrocaffeeic acid, hydrozenmic acid or phloroeic acid are generated. These compounds have a positive effect on the barrier function of the intestine and reduce intestinal inflammatory reactions. Consumption over 12 weeks, naringenin lowers the calprotectin leveli n the stool. This is a biomarker that indicates intestinal inflammation [7]. The microbiome therefore provides practically an entire pharmacy for its carrier derived from the flavanons (in case they reach it). Metabolites differ in structure and abundande depending on the individual and intestinal activity [8]. Chen et al. identified 3- (4 ́-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (HPPS) as a degradation product of naringenin, which has various health-promoting properties [9]. Among other things, it even effectively prevents influenza infection [10]. Naringenin stimulates both the growth of the commensal species and their activity. This includes the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which further increases the pharmacy in the gut [11]. Stevens et al. have shown that Enterobacteriaceae (Proteobacteria) are inhibited, which are increasingly formed in old age. For example, this is just one of many reasons why microbiome-active naringenin can be used to protect against age-related diseases. El Nagger et al. made naringenin directly accessible to the gut microbiome for the first time in 2020 and were thus able to use the anti-inflammatory effect of flavanone to achieve maximum cell protection. El Nagger et al. were thus able to prevent induced ulcerative colitis in rabbits [12]. Inflammatory markers such as TNFα decreased and the intestinal mucus layer remained intact. Naringenin is able to improve the mucus layer [13] and intestinal barrier function [14]. Especially if these are accompanied by inflammatory reactions [15]. A sufficiently thick mucus layer together with an intact epithelial cell layer determines the functionality of the intestinal barrier [16]. The citrusflavanones stimulate the intestinal Lactobacillus spp., Akkermansia spp. and Ruminococcus spp. to grow [17]. In particular, the occurrence of the Akkermansia species is associated with intestinal health and a functioning intestinal barrier function [18] [19].
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[7] Stevens, Y. The Intestinal Fate of Citrus Flavanones and Their Effects on Gastrointestinal Health. Nutrients (2019), 11, 1464.
[8] Aura A.M. Microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic compounds in the colon. Phytochem. Rev. 2008; 7:407–429. doi: 10.1007/s11101-008-9095-3.
[9] Chen, T. et al. Simultaneously Quantitative Analysis of Naringin and Its Major Human Gut Microbial Metabolites Naringenin and 3-(4′-Hydroxyphenyl) Propanoic Acid via Stable Isotope Deuterium-Labeling Coupled with RRLC-MS/MS Method. Molecules (2019), 24(23):4287. doi: 10.3390/molecules24234287.
[10] Steed, A.L. et al. The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through type I interferon. Science (2017), 357(6350):498-502.
[11] Mao S. und Zhu W. Effects of six flavonoid compounds addition on short-chain fatty acids production and human fecal microbial community change during in vitro fermentation. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. (2011), 5: 4484–4491. doi: 10.5897/ajmr11.291.
[12] El Naggar, E.E. et al. Colon Targeting of Naringin for Enhanced Cytoprotection Against Indomethacin-Induced Colitis in Rabbits. Drug Design, Development and Therapy (2020) DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s218357
[13] He, W. et al. Flavonoids from Citrus aurantium ameliorate TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis through protecting colonic mucus layer integrity. Eur J Pharmacol. (2019), 857:172456. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172456
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Das Flavanon Naringenin hat positive Wirkungen auf die Lunge und wurde schon als Mittel gegen Covid-19 getestet.
Das Mikrobiom mischt bei Demenz, Autismus und Herzinfarkten mit. Billionen Bewohner des Verdauungstrakts werden künftig zu Therapeuten.
Die Lunge profitiert von antioxidativen und antiinflammatorischen Pflanzenstoffen.
Das Flavanon Naringenin hat positive Wirkungen auf die Lunge und wurde schon als Mittel gegen Covid-19 getestet.
Das Mikrobiom mischt bei Demenz, Autismus und Herzinfarkten mit. Billionen Bewohner des Verdauungstrakts werden künftig zu Therapeuten.
Die Lunge profitiert von antioxidativen und antiinflammatorischen Pflanzenstoffen.
80% aller Hungerkuren scheitern. Um der Statistik des Scheitern entgegenzuwirken, gibt es jetzt etwas gegen den Jo-Jo-Effekt aber auch ein paar grundsätzliche Dinge sollten beachtet werden.
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